Accessibility
The ease with which a particular unit of information is activated or can be retrieved from memory (Morewedge and Kahneman, 2010).
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Anchoring effect
The assimilation of a second estimate to an anchor (a value considered during the prior estimate) (Morewedge and Kahneman, 2010).
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Associative memory
A network of long-term memory for semantic information, emotions, and goals that is governed by the spread of activation, as determined by the strengths of interconnecting weights (associations) (Morewedge and Kahneman, 2010).
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Cognitive niche construction
Many animals modify their physical environments in order to increase their evolutionary fitness. Common examples include beaver dams and spider webs. This process is known as (ecological) niche construction. Cognitive niche construction is an analogous process by which animals build structures that transform problem spaces in ways that aid thinking and reasoning about some target domain or domains. (Clark 2010)
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Confirmation bias
Testing a hypothesis by considering more evidence that confirms rather than disconfirms it. Usually occurs automatically, without explicit intent to do so (Morewedge and Kahneman, 2010).
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Egocentric bias
Overestimating the degree to which one’s perception of the world is accurate and the degree to which others perceive the world as one does (Morewedge and Kahneman, 2010).
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Epistemic action
Epistemic actions are ways an agent has of modifying the external environment to provide crucial bits of information just when they are needed most.
Thus, we distinguish pragmatic actions – actions performed to bring one physically closer to a goal – from epistemic actions – actions performed to uncover information that is hidden or hard to compute mentally (Kirsh and Maglio, 1994).
Epistemic actions stand in contrast to pragmatic actions. The latter are actions designed to bring one physically closer to a goal. Walking to the fridge to fetch a beer is a pragmatic action. Epistemic actions may or may not yield such physical advance. Instead, they are designed to extract or uncover information. Looking inside the fridge to see what […]
Epistemic artifact
A tool for thinking. Examples include externalized information representations such as text documents and database records along with graphical tools such as bar charts and geographic maps. Historical examples include petroglyphs used to mark productive hunting and fishing grounds. According to Clark, Dennett, Mithen, et al., the invention and use of epistemic artifacts are central to the explanation of human intelligence and human culture (Sterelny, 2004).
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Epistemic feature
As defined here, an information-bearing element of an epistemic artifact (cf. sign). Note the term is intended to refer not only to components of formal sign systems, but any elemental information-bearing pattern, for example a face in a photograph.
Framing effect
Different formulations of the same decision problem elicit different preferences (Morewedge and Kahneman, 2010).
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